Bioconcentración y riesgos por metales en plantas cultivadas y ruderales comestibles  del estado Vargas, Venezuela |   Bioconcentration and risks by metals in crops and edible ruderal  plants from Vargas state, Venezuela

Eder Peña; Guillermina Aguiar; Francisco Herrera

Bioconcentración y riesgos por metales en plantas cultivadas y ruderales comestibles del estado Vargas, Venezuela | Bioconcentration and risks by metals in crops and edible ruderal plants from Vargas state, Venezuela

Eder Peña, Guillermina Aguiar, Francisco Herrera

Resumen

El consumo humano de vegetales de hoja es una manera frecuente de alimentación. Sin embargo, existen riesgos de contaminación por metales y consecuentes daños a la salud debido a que la práctica agrícola convencional, centrada en altos rendimientos y ciclos cortos de cultivo, obliga al uso de agroquímicos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar y comparar los contenidos, bioconcentración y riesgo de toxicidad de elementos minerales nutrientes y no esenciales en tres especies vegetales de hoja: cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) como especie de cultivo, y las ruderales amaranto (Amaranthus hybridus) y albahaca silvestre (Galinsoga sp.) con potencial alimentario. En una zona agrícola de la parroquia Carayaca del estado Vargas, Venezuela, se recolectaron hojas adultas de las tres especies el primer año y de las dos ruderales el segundo año, las cuales fueron secadas, molidas y digeridas en ácidos nítrico y perclórico para medir la concentración de elementos minerales por espectrofotometría de plasma (ICP). Se obtuvieron contenidos de Ca, Mg y P que indican alto potencial alimenticio en las ruderales. Los contenidos de Ni en A. hybridus (1,2 mg kg^-1 - 6,7 mg kg^-1) estuvieron por encima de los límites permisibles de la FAO. Las concentraciones de Mn, Cr, Cu y Zn estuvieron por debajo de dichos límites pero fueron significativamente mayores en las ruderales que en el cilantro. Los factores de bioconcentración de Ca y P en las ruderales fueron mayores a 1. Los coeficientes de riesgo por Ni y Pb fueron altos para todas las especies estudiadas, lo que implica riesgo en escenarios supuestos de alto consumo por niños.

Palabras clave: Salud, coeficiente de riesgo, cilantro, toxicidad.

ABSTRACT

Human consumption of leafy vegetables is a common way to obtain nutrients. However, there are risks of contamination by metals and consequent health damage because conventional agricultural practice, based on high yields and short growing cycles, requires the use of agrochemicals. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the contents, bioconcentration and toxicity risks of nutrients and non-essential mineral elements in three leafy vegetable species: a crop species, coriander (Coriandrum sativum), and the ruderals amaranthus (Amaranthus hybridus) and wild basil (Galinsoga sp.), wild growing species with dietary potential. In an agricultural area of the Carayaca rural community in Vargas State, Venezuela, adult leaves of the three species were collected the first year and the two ruderals in the second year. Samples were dried, milled and digested in nitric and perchloric acids, and the concentration of mineral elements was measured by plasma spectrometry (ICP). Contents of Ca, Mg and P showed high nutritional potential in the ruderals. Nickel concentrations in A. hybridus (1.2 mg kg^-1 - 6.7 mg kg^-1) were above the permissible limits of FAO, whereas Mn, Cr, Cu and Zn were below those limits but significantly higher in ruderals than in coriander. The bioconcentration factors of Ca and P in ruderal species were greater than 1. The risk coefficients for Ni and Pb were high for all the species studied, which implies risk in hypothetical scenarios of high consumption by children.

Key words: Health, risk coefficient, cilantro, toxicity.

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